Introduction
Access Server can look up users in directory services using Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP). You configure LDAP authentication with the Admin Web UI or the command-line interface.
This document provides troubleshooting help for various error messages and use cases customers have encountered. Feel free to reach out to support for help as well.
Enable verbose debugging
You can enable verbose authentication debugging to help troubleshoot connection issues with an LDAP configuration for your specific directory service.
To enable verbose authentication debugging, sign in to the terminal or connect via SSH to your Access Server and execute the following commands:
sudo echo "DEBUG_AUTH=true" >> /usr/local/openvpn_as/etc/as.conf sudo service openvpnas restart
Once enabled, Access Server logs verbose authentication messages to the standard Access Server log file at /var/log/openvpnas.log. You can send the file to our support team, and they’re more than happy to assist you further.
Once you’ve finished debugging, we recommend that you turn off authentication verbose logging to prevent your logs from growing too fast.
To turn off authentication verbose logging, simply comment out the line by putting a pound/hash sign before the DEBUG_AUTH line and save the file (you can also delete the line altogether). Afterward, restart the service using the restart command mentioned above.
nano /usr/local/openvpn_as/etc/as.conf
Delete or comment out “DEBUG_AUTH=true”.
sudo service openvpnas restart
User Not Found
A common error message related to LDAP authentication issues is user not found (that meets specified requirements). Follow these tips for troubleshooting:
- Simplify your query to just the base DN with ‘DC=example,DC=com’, substituting “example” and “com” with the domain information for your server. The issue is often caused by the user not found in the search, based on the attributes expected. To put it simply, the user may not be where you told it to look. Widening the search can be helpful in determining if this is the case.
- If a directory-wide search still returns the error, the LDAP attribute you’re searching for that should contain the username could be different. Try “sAMAccountName” or “uid”; those are usually the attributes that contain the username. Refer to your LDAP server documentation on what attribute to use.
- Check for case sensitivity on containers and objects. For example, the LDAP server may only accept “cn=example” and not “CN=example”. Refer to your LDAP server documentation for specifics.
- If you encounter this error message because your LDAP query narrows it down to specific groups, it may fail. Ensure that your additional query is the full query such as this: memberOf=CN=VPN Users, OU=Security Groups, DC=company, DC=com. If you only use the query memberOf=CN=VPN Users, it could fail.
MFA causes user to get locked out
If your user receives a ‘LOCKOUT’ error message when attempting to sign in, it may be due to the steps it takes to enroll in MFA through their OpenVPN Client UI. This is tied to Access Server's lockout policy. Refer to Authentication failure lockout policy for the default values and how to adjust settings.
If your user hasn’t enrolled in MFA yet, when they first sign in, they’re prompted with challenges to enroll. Each challenge is seen as login attempts in your Access Server logs.
If the user waits 15 minutes, they can sign on again. They should no longer be locked out.
Error with bind user
Incorrect credentials for bind
An error message related to LDAP authentication issues and the bind user is AcceptSecurityContext error: Invalid credentials, facility=admin_bind. This indicates that the credentials for the bind user to the LDAP server are incorrect. The following tips may help:
- If connecting to Active Directory, create a separate user in the domain and use this user to bind.
- Try resetting the password for the bind user — the issue might be that the password for the bind user expired and requires resetting. You might want to configure this account not to expire its password.
- Use a format like username@domain.tld as the username in the Access Server’s bind username field. Ensure you use your server’s domain information for the “domain.tld” part.
- Check for issues with the SSL certificate. We’ve seen cases where the SSL client certificate used for communicating between Access Server and the LDAP server has expired.
Unsuccessful bind
Another possible error message related to LDAP authentication issues and the bind is To perform this operation, a successful bind must be completed on the connection. These tips may help:
- Check to see if you’re using an anonymous bind and, if so, whether your LDAP server allows an anonymous bind. You may need to create a user for the bind and give the user read access to the LDAP objects you search for user authentication.
- You could enable anonymous LDAP binding on the LDAP server. Refer to your LDAP server documentation for this. We don't recommend anonymous binding, as the directory becomes visible to anyone without credentials. We recommend using a bind user, as it is more secure.
Permissions for specific attributes in Active Directory
A bind user for connecting with Active Directory via LDAP doesn't necessarily need admin rights but does need the Read MemberOf attribute configured correctly.
Properly configuring the AD bind user is important for configuring the optional LDAP filter or using a post-auth script for mapping groups from Active Directory to Access Server.
Follow these steps to configure the AD bind user:
- Open Active Directory Users and Computers on your Windows AD server.
- Click on View and ensure that Advanced Features is enabled.
- If it's not enabled, click on it to enable it.
- Right-click on your domain and click Properties.
- On the Security tab, click Advanced.
- Under Permission entries, click Add.
- Click Select a principal.
- Enter the bind user’s name and click Check Names to populate the Bind User info then click OK.
- Click Applies to and open the drop-down menu.
- Select Descendant User objects.
- Click the Read Member Of checkbox, then click OK.
- Click Apply and OK.
Test OpenSSL connection
You can test the SSL connection from your Access Server to the LDAP server of your directory service with the OpenSSL command-line tool. As a root user, run this command on your Access Server (replacing the LDAP URL with the specific URL for your directory service):
openssl s_client -connect ldap.google.com:636
If the connection is successful, the last line should read “Verify return code: 0 (ok)”. If you see anything else, investigate your network settings and firewall settings on devices that stand between your Access Server instance and the LDAP server for your directory service. A failure to verify the certificate could mean a local problem where your root CA certificate bundle is outdated, or it could indicate that the certificate offered by the server is not valid for ldap.google.com, for example. The latter usually means that a firewall or antivirus solution intercepts your connection and presents its certificate instead.
Use ldapsearch for troubleshooting
You can test using the ldapsearch, which is an LDAP utility. Use the information below for help with installing the utility and to find example commands to use for your own troubleshooting.
Install ldapsearch
Install the LDAP utilities:
- Sign into your console with root privileges.
- Run the install command:
apt install ldap-tools ## For Ubuntu and Debian
yum install openldap-clients ## For RHEL and Centos
Basic ldapsearch command
Below is the syntax of the ldapsearch command:
ldapsearch -x -D "Bind User" -b "Base DN" -h "Primary Server" -w
When you use the ldapsearch utilities, you enter your LDAP settings as the values. For our examples below, we use the following LDAP settings in our Access Server:
- Bind user: ovpnuser
- Primary server: 10.20.30.30
- Base DN: CN=Users,DC=domain,DC=com
- Username: qa
- Optional LDAP filter: memberOf=CN=groupa,CN=Users,DC=domain,DC=com
Example commands
Use the following example commands to input your specific LDAP settings for troubleshooting.
Check all the LDAP users under the base DN:
ldapsearch -x -D "ovpnuser" -b "CN=users,DC=domain,DC=com" -H ldap://10.20.30.30 -W
When prompted, enter your bind user password to return the results.
Check if a specific LDAP user exists under the base DN:
ldapsearch -x -D "ovpnuser" -b "CN=users,DC=domain,DC=com" -H ldap://10.20.30.30 "sAMAccountName=specific-user" -W
When prompted, enter your bind user password to return the results with user information.
Check if a specific LDAP user is a member of one specific LDAP group ("memberOf=CN=groupa,CN=Users,DC=domain,DC=com"):
ldapsearch -x -D "ovpnuser" -b "CN=users,DC=domain,DC=com" -H ldap://10.20.30.30 "(&(sAMAccountName=specific-user)(memberOf=CN=groupa,CN=Users,DC=domain,DC=com))" -W
When prompted, enter your bind user password to return the results with user information.
If you do not return search results, you can send us a support ticket for help.
Active Directory example with ldapsearch
As another example, we provide the steps below to use ldapsearch for a configuration of Access Server authenticating via Active Directory and verifying group membership. Our example uses the following configuration:
- Bind user: ovpnuser
- Primary server: 10.20.30.30
- Base DN: CN=Users,DC=domain,DC=com
- Username: qa
- Optional LDAP filter: memberOf=CN=groupa,CN=Users,DC=domain,DC=com
- Run the following command where ovpnuser is the bind user from auth.ldap.0.bind_dn:
ldapsearch -d 11 -x -D ovpnuser -h 10.20.30.30 -b "CN=Users,DC=domain,DC=com" "(&(sAMAccountName=qa)(memberOf=CN=groups,CN=Users,DC=domain,DC=com))" -W
- This example message displays upon successful server connection:
root@as-test-server:/usr/local/openvpn_as/scripts# ldapsearch -x -D ovpnuser -h 10.20.30.30 -b "CN=Users,DC=domain,DC=com" "(&(sAMAccountName=qa)(memberOf=CN=groupa,CN=Users,DC=domain,DC=com))" -W
- Enter the LDAP password.
- After successful authentication, a message similar to the following displays:
# extended LDIF
#
# LDAPv3
# base <CN=Users,DC=domain,DC=com> with scope subtree
# filter: (&(sAMAccountName=qa)(memberOf=CN=groupa,CN=Users,DC=domain,DC=com))
# requesting: ALL
#
# qa, Users, domain.com
dn: CN=qa,CN=Users,DC=domain,DC=com
objectClass: top
objectClass: person
objectClass: organizationalPerson
objectClass: user
cn: qa
givenName: qa
distinguishedName: CN=qa,CN=Users,DC=domain,DC=com
instanceType: 4
whenCreated: 20200910151712.0Z
whenChanged: 20220113143206.0Z
displayName: qa
uSNCreated: 12813
memberOf: CN=groupa,CN=Users,DC=domain,DC=com
memberOf: CN=Guests,CN=Builtin,DC=domain,DC=com
uSNChanged: 59527
name: qa
objectGUID:: /+Yw3iN9i0iSSoJ3DGAlPw==
userAccountControl: 66048
badPwdCount: 0
codePage: 0
countryCode: 0
badPasswordTime: 132798900954136782
lastLogoff: 0
lastLogon: 132798901083824436
pwdLastSet: 132735959943991164
primaryGroupID: 513
userParameters:: bTogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIGQJICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgI
CAg
objectSid:: AQUAAAAAAAUVAAAA8pokOI993RR3pmMhWgQAAA==
accountExpires: 9223372036854775807
logonCount: 0
sAMAccountName: qa
sAMAccountType: 805306368
userPrincipalName: qa@domain.com
lockoutTime: 0
objectCategory: CN=Person,CN=Sc
Using authcli tool for troubleshooting
You can use authcli, the authentication testing tool available in the command line, to run tests and get useful debugging information. To run authcli, ensure you are in the /usr/local/openvpn_as/scripts/ directory and run the commands as a root user.
Verify user authentication:
./authcli --user <USER_NAME> --pass <PASSWORD>
Sample output of a successful authentication:
API METHOD: authenticate
AUTH_RETURN
status : SUCCEED
user : lauren
reason : LDAP auth succeeded on ldaps://ldap.jumpcloud.com
proplist : {'prop_autogenerate': 'true', 'conn_group': 'JumpCloud LDAP', 'prop_force_lzo': 'false', 'prop_superuser': 'false', 'prop_autologin': 'false', 'prop_deny': 'false', 'user_auth_type': 'ldap', 'type': 'user_connect', 'pvt_password_digest': '$P$87plT0hvFSptcZ8S3GOc7Q==$MvUV55h1t6deYIrgGpAMCY2f/dIOmfC+K53P2fMH9As='}
session_id : AS_+QN3bybHYCnWr12e2iM3QA==
expire : 1645832973
If you use Access Server built-in multi-factor authentication (MFA), verify authentication with this command:
./authcli --user <USER_NAME> --pass <PASSWORD> --sr=<MFA_CODE_HERE>
Note: Using --sr in the above commands works only with Access Server's built-in MFA. It doesn't work if you have MFA through another provider.
Tip: If you get the error user not found for a setup with JumpCloud, ensure that you’ve enabled your user in the JumpCloud LDAP directory. Refer to Using Access Server with JumpCloud for steps to assign the user to the directory.
Troubleshooting certificate issues
Issue from invalid certificates or configurations
It’s a known issue that Access Server can freeze if you input invalid certificates or incorrect connection settings for the secure LDAP connection, such as Google LDAP. If this occurs, restart the Access Server service. Then, attempt configuration again.
If a connection is made to a port on the LDAP server that uses plain text authentication but also supports the start_tls command to encrypt the authentication, then you should configure this:
./sacli --key "auth.ldap.0.start_ssl" --value "True" ConfigPut ./sacli start
Certificate can’t properly validate for Active Directory
An error can occur with an Active Directory configuration when the LDAP certificate doesn’t match the hostname or IP address. For example, if the certificate is issued for the hostname of the domain controller (e.g.: dc1.company.local), but you use the IP address of the LDAP server as the primary server on the LDAP page in the Admin Web UI, the certificate can’t validate properly.
You can resolve this in one of two ways:
- Replace the IP address with the hostname of the domain controller: sign in to the Admin Web UI, click Authentication > LDAP, replace the primary server, then click Save Settings and Update Running Server.
- Or, disable certificate verification with the following command:
./sacli --key "auth.ldap.0.ssl_verify" --value "never" ConfigPut
Certificate verify failed for Google LDAP
The following error can occur with the LDAP server has an untrusted or self-signed certificate in the certificate chain:
Cannot connect to LDAP server: {'info': 'error:14090086:SSL routines:ssl3_get_server_certificate:certificate verify failed (self signed certificate in certificate chain)
Access Server version 2.6.1 and later check to see if this certificate is valid by default. This ensures that the LDAP server you’re talking to is what you should be talking to and helps ward against a Man-in-the-Middle attack. The auth.ldap.0.ssl_verify key controls this behavior and can have the following values:
- never — no peer certificate required.
- allow — if a peer certificate is provided, it must pass validation; if no peer certificate is provided, the session will continue.
- demand — a valid peer certificate is required, and the session aborts if it’s not.
- internal — a valid peer certificate is required and must validate successfully against an internal Mozilla root CA bundle.
You can upload your own CA certificate bundle to verify an LDAP server certificate with manually:
./sacli --key "auth.ldap.0.ssl_verify" --value "demand" ConfigPut ./sacli --key "auth.ldap.0.ssl_ca_cert" --value <PATH_TO_FILENAME> ConfigPut ./sacli start
The <PATH_TO_FILENAME> must be a full path like “/usr/local/openvpn_as/ca_cert.pem”.
Or you can point to a specific directory to scan for a CA certificate for validating the LDAP server certificate with:
./sacli --key "auth.ldap.0.ssl_verify" --value "never" ConfigPut ./sacli start
LDAP Explorer with Access Server
LDAP Explorer is an API method in the server agent that allows LDAP searches against the LDAP database defined in Access Server. LDAP Explorer should function when you've configured LDAP authentication with Access Server.
Using LDAP Explorer
You can access the LDAP Explorer API method through the sacli command line tool.
Note: For the sacli commands here, ensure you're signed into the console with root access and execute the commands from this directory: /usr/local/openvpn_as/scripts/.
The following commands use sacli [arguments] ldapexp with one or more of the following arguments passed for your LDAP configuration:
| --dn | Your bind DN configuration — simple example: dc=domain,dc=com. |
| --scope | Set the LDAP search scope parameter to base, level, subtree, or subnode. This specifies the portion of your target to consider for the search. |
| --key | Include a key in your search and define the key with a value (below) — example: --key 'uid' --value 'username' or -k 'uid' -v 'username'. |
| --value | Define a value for an included key (above) in your search. |
| --ldap_config | Search using an LDAP config file instead of the server — example query:sacli --dn='cn=users, dc=domain, dc=com' --scope=subnode --ldap_config ldap.config -k sAMAccountName -v 'VPN Users' ldapexp |
Using the above table, you can compose your LDAP Explorer commands. Here's an example that includes scope, key, and value:
sacli --dn='ou=test test,dc=domain,dc=com' --scope 'subnode' -k 'objectClass' -v 'top' ldapexp
LDAP Explorer configuration error message — "LDAP explorer can only be used without a configuration…"
You may encounter an error message due to a bug in some Access Server versions: "LDAP explorer can only be used without a configuration when LDAP is selected as the authentication method." This bug occurs because LDAP Explorer doesn't see that LDAP is turned on as the auth method.
We resolved the bug in Access Server 2.13.0. Refer to our updating Access Server documentation for instructions to update to the latest version.